Allied Invasion of Sicily in World War II

Allied Invasion of Sicily in World War II Conflict: Operation Husky was the Allied landings on Sicily in July 1943.Dates: Allied troops landed on July 9, 1943, and officially secured the island on August 17, 1943.Commanders Armies:Allies (The United States Great Britain)General Dwight D. EisenhowerGeneral Sir Harold AlexanderLieutenant General George S. PattonGeneral Sir Bernard MontgomeryAdmiral Sir Andrew CunninghamVice Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay160,000 troopsAxis (Germany Italy)General Alfredo GuzzoniField Marshall Albert Kesselring405,000 troops Background In January 1943, British and American leaders met at Casablanca to discuss operations for after Axis forces had been driven from North Africa. During the meetings, the British lobbied in favor of invading either Sicily or Sardinia as they believed either could lead to the fall of Benito Mussolinis government as well as could encourage Turkey to join the Allies. Though the American delegation, led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was initially reluctant to continue an advance in the Mediterranean, it conceded to British wishes to move forward in the region as both sides concluded that it would not be feasible to conduct landings in France that year and capture of Sicily would reduce Allied shipping losses to Axis aircraft.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dubbed Operation Husky, General Dwight D. Eisenhower was given overall command with British General Sir Harold Alexander designated as the ground commander. Supporting Alexander would be naval forces led by Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham and the air forces would be overseen by Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder. The principle troops for the assault were the US 7th Army under Lieutenant General George S. Patton and the British Eighth Army under General Sir Bernard Montgomery. The Allied Plan Initial planning for the operation suffered as the commanders involved were still conducting active operations in Tunisia.  In May, Eisenhower finally approved a plan which called for Allied forces to be landed in the southeastern corner of the island.  This would see Pattons 7th Army come ashore in the Gulf of Gela while Montgomerys men landed further east on both sides of Cape Passero. A gap of around 25 miles would initially separate the two beachheads. Once ashore, Alexander intended to consolidate along a line between Licata and Catania before conducting an offensive north to Santo Stefano with the intention of splitting the island in two. Pattons assault would be supported by the US 82nd Airborne Division which would be dropped behind Gela before the landings.   The Campaign On the night of July 9/10, Allied airborne units began landing, while American and British ground forces came ashore three hours later in the Gulf of Gela and south of Syracuse respectively. Difficult weather and organizational miscues hampered both sets of landings. As the defenders had not planned on conducting a pitched battle on the beaches, these issues did not damage the Allies chances for success. The Allied advance initially suffered from a lack of coordination between US and British forces as Montgomery pushed northeast towards the strategic port of Messina and Patton pushed north and west. Visiting the island on July 12, Field Marshall Albert Kesselring concluded that their Italian allies were poorly supporting German forces. As a result, he recommended that reinforcements be sent to Sicily and the western side of the island be abandoned.  German troops were further ordered to delay the Allied advance while a defensive line was prepared in front of Mount Etna.  This was to extend south from the north coast towards Troina before turning east. Pressing up the east coast, Montgomery attacked towards Catania while also pushing through Vizzini in the mountains. In both cases, the British met strong opposition. As Montgomerys army began to get bogged down, Alexander ordered the Americans to shift east and protect the British left flank. Seeking a more important role for his men, Patton sent a reconnaissance in force towards the islands capital, Palermo. When Alexander radioed the Americans to stop their advance, Patton claimed the orders were garbled in transmission and pushed on to take the city. The fall of Palermo helped spur Mussolinis overthrow in Rome. With Patton in position on the north coast, Alexander ordered a two-prong assault on Messina, hoping to take the city before Axis forces could evacuate the island. Driving hard, Patton entered the city on August 17, a few hours after the last Axis troops departed and a few hours before Montgomery. Results In the fighting on Sicily, the Allies suffered 23,934 casualties while Axis forces incurred 29,000 and 140,000 captured.  The fall of Palermo led to the collapse of Benito Mussolinis government in Rome. The successful campaign taught the Allies valuable lessons that were utilized the following year on D-Day.  Allied forces continued their campaign in the Mediterranean in September when landings commenced on the Italian mainland.

Determining the Effectiveness of a Food Preservative (THIS IS A CASE Essay

Determining the Effectiveness of a Food Preservative (THIS IS A CASE STUDY) - Essay Example Direct microscopic counts cannot distinguish between dead and living bacteria. Dead bacteria result from the fact that the â€Å"natural environments [for bacteria] do not always resemble standard laboratory culture media† (Roszak & Colwell, 1987). Hence, death of some bacteria is expected. Standard plate counts may not be able to differentiate among the different types of bacteria but is reliable when it comes to giving information about disease-causing bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (â€Å"Swimming Pool,† 2010). Identifying the growth and metabolism of organisms such as P. aeruginosa in cottage cheese can give insights on how effective a preservative is or, more specifically, how long it will last in protecting the cheese from bacteria. Moreover, standard plate counts seem to be the method of choice when it comes to experiments with cottage cheese, as long as the laboratory environment and all other variables are properly regulated (Fedio et al., 1994). Another thing is that, P. aeruginosa forms three colony types – a small and rough one, one with a fried-egg appearance, and one with a mucoid appearance (Todar, 2011). Due to such differences in colonies, the number of bacteria will therefore obviously be relatively hard to determine through a d irect microscopic count and hence will require a standard plate count. Besides, a standard plate count is appropriate for counting colony-forming bacteria (Todar, 2009). Turbidity measurements, just like direct microscopic counts, may fail to give an accurate bacterial count because it â€Å"cannot detect cell densities less than 107 cells per ml† (Todar, 2009). This means that colonies must have approximately at least 10,000,000 cells before it can be detected through turbidity measurements. Considering that colonies of P. aeruginosa are varied in many aspects like appearance, it is possible to obtain samples where colonies would have cells less than the minimum limit that can be detected

Men--Its in their nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Men--Its in their nature - Essay Example Conversely, women had a tendency to to be watchful so that they could preserve, maintain, care and nurture their families. Men seem to be risk takers be it professionally or romantically and even in the recreational events, they take part in (Roeser 1039). This goes to explain why it is mostly men that are involved in extreme sports such as car racing, sky diving, rock climbing, just to name a few. It is very common to see men as the centre point of uploaded videos that show, for the lack of a better word, stupid stunts such as car surfing. Exactly as the name describes, it involves a driver climbing and then standing on top of a car as it is being driven and of course not to forgetting to mention the antics displayed on the hilarious but painful to watch two jackass movies. Many men have reported that they generally take risks because it is fun, and this explains why they will be involved in risky past time behaviors. This does not imply that women do not have fun as well, but their idea of fun is less risky. It is also common to observe a man racing his car against a fellow driver on the road, not because it is a rally event but simply because they want to show off or protect their ego (Roeser, 1040). When a male driver is overtaken by another car on the road, chances are that he will step on the accelerator and try to reclaim his glory by overtaking the said driver. This in turn ends up as cycle that will only come to an end when one of the drivers concedes defeat or has to go his separate way. As weird and ridiculous as it may sound, risk taking is a part of men’s way of impressing women. In the presence of a woman, a man who is say, involved in a sport will perform a riskier stunt to show off and impress the ladies. When they know that women are watching, men tend to take up more risky behavior than they normally would. In addition, it is in the nature of men to be polygamous, that every man is unfaithful or will be at some point in his life despite how good he seems. Over the years, it seems like it has been the norm, marriages breaking up due to infidelity. It would be unfair to make it seem as if women are always the victims but statistics show that more men than women tend to stray in relationships. Many reasons have been given as to why this is the case, with some dating as far as the biblical times. During the earlier centuries, before Christ that is, men had more than one wife and it was widely accepted. A famous case is of King Solomon, who had more than seven hundred wives and one thousand concubines. How does one man handle all these women? Even in Africa, many households still embrace polygamy. It is only recently that men have started to shed the one man, many wives attire. Nowadays, after moving from the polygamy scenario, it seems that most men are now taking up unfaithfulness. Many times the statement that men are unfaithful by nature has been used, that they are like animals and will stray, although, it would b e unfair to generalize that all men are unfaithful. It is important to consider that there are natural reasons or some genetic coding that makes a man lust after more than one woman. Furthermore, men are by nature sexual creatures who are easily visually stimulated, thus man might be happily married or in a relationship,

Endocrine Gland and Adrenaline Essay Example for Free

Endocrine Gland and Adrenaline Essay Adrenaline is a hormone that is produced in the adrenal medulla, which is in the inner adrenal gland. This gland sits atop the kidney. When put under stress this gland is stimulated by the nervous system and releases adrenaline into the blood stream. The release of adrenaline is a three step process. First, the hypothalamus produces hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland. Next, the pituitary gland then produces corticotropin hormones which are hormones that stimulate the adrenal glands that eventually produce adrenaline. In 1895, George Oliver and Edward Schafer discovered that that when the secretions of adrenal glands were extracted and injected into an experimental animal, they could raise blood pressure. The purification of this principle became a matter of interest, and in 1897, John Abel and Albert Crawford thought that they had succeeded when they purified a crystalline principle they named epinephrine. Adrenaline is used for many different purposes. It is used to control hemorrhages in surgery and to treat asthma and other allergies. According to the MSDS, excessive digestion of adrenaline is fatal. It can also be very irritant to eyes and can be absorbed through skin. Adrenaline can also be used to prevent cardiac arrest. Adrenaline can also be found in some nasal sprays to open up nasal passages. This has a short term effect. Adrenaline is helpful to survive in dangerous situations. If you were pinned down by a boulder, adrenaline would kick in and would help you to move the boulder off of you. This process is natural and you can find your way out of unhappy states. When you are put into a dangerous situation like that, your heart rate is elevated and your blood pressure is elevated. Adrenaline redirects blood to large muscle groups so that you are given more strength and stamina to get out of the dangerous situation.

Gothic Art :: essays research papers

Romanesque may first be sensed in new structural developments.. Sophisticated but unsatisfactory attempts to vault the great basilican naves safely, with elements of Roman, Byzantine, or Eastern origin, impelled progressive Romanesque engineers, from about 1090 onward, to invent a new type of ribbed groin-vaulted unit bay, using pointed arches to distribute thrust and improve the shape of the geometric surfaces. Fifty years of experimentation produced vaulting that was light, strong, open, versatile, and applicable everywhere--in short, Gothic vaulting. A whole new aesthetic, with a new decorative system--the Gothic--was being evolved as early as 1145. The spatial forms of the new buildings sometimes caused acoustic difficulties, which may help to account for the concomitant development of the new polyphonic music that supplemented the traditional Romanesque plainsong. Romanesque architecture became old-fashioned, but its heavy forms pleased the Cistercian monks and, likewise, other conservative patrons in Germany, Poland, Hungary, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Thus, buildings that were essentially Romanesque in spirit continued to be built, even when such extraordinary Gothic works as the Amiens cathedral were under construction (begun 1220). (see also Index: Gothic architecture, music, history of) The development of proto-Romanesque in the Ottonian period culminated in the true Romanesque style represented by five magnificent churches on the international pilgrimage routes leading from central France to the reputed tomb of St. James at Santiago de Compostela in Spain: Saint-Martin at Tours (a huge once wooden-roofed basilica that was rebuilt on the new model beginning about 1050), Sainte-Foy at Conques ( c. 1052-1130), Saint-Martial at Limoges (c. 1062-95), Saint-Sernin at Toulouse (1077 or 1082-1118), and the new cathedral at Santiago de Compostela itself (c. 1075-1211). This was a real family of buildings; each one had a splendid apse with ambulatory (a sheltered place to walk) and radiating chapels, a transept and nave with aisles and galleries, an

Soils: The Unseen Earth that Nurtures Society

Dirts or the Unobserved Earth that Nurtures Society 1. The Sumerians are considered the â€Å"inventors of agriculture† where they practiced intensive, year-around agribusiness. Intensive agriculture allowed unmanaged dirts to supply foods to workss in sums that related to the soil’s alimentary supply capacity. It produced large-scale cultivations of land where they besides practiced monocropping and organized irrigation. Mechanization and chemical fertilisers and pesticides are other factors to assist increase outputs in production. Intensive agribusiness allowed early civilisations to populate more sustainable lives. It allowed unmanaged dirts to supply foods to workss in sums related to the soil’s alimentary supply capacity. It besides aided in feeding larger populations from a smaller land base due to higher harvest outputs. A little labour force was needed in agribusiness along with needing to be mechanized. Due to this, the economic sciences improved when it was focused around a big, centralized production system. Because of intensive agribusiness, the Sumerians were able to make a excess of storable nutrient that enabled the population to settle in one topographic point, farther leting an accretion of extra merchandise. It flourished because they were able to specialise their labour force in the ways of agribusiness therefore taking to a greater population denseness. With a turning population, an addition in production was able to go on because intensive agriculture allowed higher harvest outputs to be produced from smaller land bases. The Sumerians finally over exploited their cedar woods in order to back up the initiation of their metropolis, Ur, during the Bronze Age. They created log transit in the rivers, which increased the salinization. Salinization is the 2nd largest cause of dirt debasement and due to salinization ; there was a progressive diminution in harvest outputs. Finally, this so led to the autumn of the Sumerians. Forests and Human Survival 10. The tundra is the least disturbed biome proved by its statistic of being disturbed by about.3 % by worlds. It proves to be a hard country to populate in because of its cold temperature and limited tree growing. Well-established workss can non last here because deep root systems are impossible to organize due to the bed of permafrost. Permafrost is the chief commanding factor as to why such small flora grows within this biome. The tundra contains blunt landscapes and dirt that is frozen for most of the twelvemonth. It is besides characterized by bare and bouldery land, doing trees hard to turn. All of the flora that is able to turn here are adapted to high air currents that invariably disturb the dirt. Plants are short and bunch together to defy the cold temperatures and are protected by the snow during the winter. Although workss are frequently ephemeral and little here, they can transport out photosynthesis at low temperatures and low visible radiation strengths. The turning sea sons are short and merely last between 50-60 yearss. Most workss reproduce by budding and division instead than by blooming. Turning big harvests would be hard within the tundra because of the tundra’s utmost clime. Agriculture is an of import portion to a turning civilisation and due to the tundra’s highly cold clime and unsustainable resources, it makes establishment hard. The tundra besides experiences small precipitation during the twelvemonth doing the clime seem desert-like. During the summer, the top bed of dirt thaws doing the land free and boggy. Besides, the bed of permafrost does non run excessively far below the surface hence, making lakes and fens on the surface. An unstable land does non back up lasting residences. Dead organic stuff serves as a beginning of foods, therefore supplying P and N. Biodiversity is low within the tundra while besides incorporating low population Numberss of the animate beings that do live here. The big mammals frequently migrate or hibernate so nutrient beginnings are non wholly consistent. During the long winters, mammals that hibernate would turn out to supply a nutrient deficit to dwellers that tried to populate here. Because a person’s chief beginning for meat migrates, this would coerce the household to go mobile as good merely like the Laplanders that lived in this part. Seal meat is an option, but it does non make a balanced diet. Humans would hold to look to kelp or other workss for farther nutrition. Due to these grounds, the tundra proves to be more of an utmost environment that makes it difficult for human endurance. Ecological Constraints in Torrid zones 1. Tropical woods are located between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn and are characterized by the mean air temperature being above 75 grades Fahrenheit. Almost all tropical woods lie near the equator. Tropical woods are besides really damp and can be hurt if they receive well less sums of rainfall. These woods are known to incorporate high biodiversity, hapless dirts and workss that are toxic due to their defensive chemicals. Although tropical woods contain high biodiversity in workss and animate beings, they do non incorporate high Numberss in microbic biodiversity. Worlds are besides found to hold short life spans in these parts due to their exposure to disease. Yet, worlds are still able to pull out many resources from tropical woods that prove to be helpful in mundane stuffs. Latexes, resins, and medical specialties are common resources extracted from the woods every bit good as fibre, tannic acids and cork. Latexes that exist within bark are used as the treeâ€℠¢s manner of defence against marauding insects. It is besides used in the production of masticating gum and some electrical insulating compounds. About a one-fourth of all the medical specialties people use comes from rainforest workss. The tubocurarine is a works that comes from a tropical vine that is known for its toxicant that can paralyse. Worlds have been able to pull out this plant’s toxicant in order to utilize for runing. It is besides known to be used in surgeries as a musculus relaxant and anaesthetic. Quinine, from the Peruvian bark tree, is used to handle malaria. It is estimated that about 1,400 assortments of tropical workss are exploited medically and thought to be possible remedies for malignant neoplastic disease. Tropical woods house about half of the world’s works and animate being species yet merely cover approximately 6 % of the Earth’s land surface. Some features of animate beings found in the wood are distinguishable forms with bright colourss, loud voices, and diets heavy on fruits. Insects make up the largest population of animate beings that live in the tropical woods. They include brilliantly coloured butterflies, mosquitoes, stick insects, and immense settlements of emmets. The Amazon river basin rain forest contains a wider assortment of works and carnal life than any other biome in the universe. Over 80 % of people live along the Amazon river and grow harvests in these countries. The river provides all human endurance demands such as H2O for imbibing, bathing, rinsing and even their bathroom. Folktales such as the Pink Dolphin is popular amongst the people who live by the Amazon river that says Botos, or the Pink Dolphins, turn into fine-looking work forces and come onto shore to infuse adult females in order to explicate why the pregnant adult female has no hubby. The Amazon river’s H2O degrees rise approximately one time a twelvemonth to every bit much as 24 pess. The people populating on the Amazon’s shore have adapted by constructing their house on piles in order to suit to the lifting H2O degrees. The implosion therapy of the river helps to scatter seeds and go around different species of fish. Large fish frequently acquire stranded in lakes when the H2O recedes and communities have learned to pull off these lakes as a beginning of nutrient. Some of the bi g fish that acquire caught is the Pirarucu. It is the largest fresh H2O fish in the universe that can make lengths of 15 pess. It has shrunk in size from the past due to take down food degrees. The dwellers that live along the Amazon river are in the Riparian zone, which is the country right following to the river. It contains the most productive dirts and is dependent on river implosion therapy for cycling. The Riparian zone contrasts with non inundation field dirts because they contain high Numberss in clay and high Numberss in toxic elements as good. The trees within tropical woods prove to be alone every bit good. Their huge tallness and consecutive short pantss characterize many trees. Their short pantss do non ramify out for 100 pess or more because subdivisions are non able to last below the canopy where there is small sunlight. A bulk of the trees have smooth and thin bark because of the warm temperatures, there is no demand to protect themselves from H2O loss or freezing temperatures. Their smooth bark makes them resistant to air plants and works parasites to attach themselves to their short pantss. The trees physically look instead similar and can merely be characterized by their budding flowers. A tropical wood contains beds which are identified as the emergent, upper canopy, understory and forest floor.Emergent trees are characterized by being spaced widely apart with umbrella-shaped canopies that grow above the forest. They tend to hold little, pointed foliages because of their exposure to dry air currents. Some species of emergent trees lose their foliages during the brief dry season in monsoon rain forests. These elephantine trees have straight, smooth short pantss with few subdivisions. Their root system is really shallow, so in order to back up their size they grow buttresses that can distribute out to a distance of 30 pess. These buttresses relieve force per unit area and weight to the outer subdivisions. The upper canopy of 60 to 130 pes trees is the most open to sunlight. Due to this, it causes big sums of shadiness to the beds below it. Most of the rain forest ‘s animate beings live in the upper canopy. The readily available nutrient beginnings lay within the upper canopy so animate beings barely have to travel down to the forest floor. The sloth, an animate being that lives in the upper canopy, merely makes it manner down to the forest floor one time a hebdomad as a bathroom trip. The foliages in the upper canopy contain trickle spouts that allow rain to run off. This helps keeps the foliages dry and prevents cast and mold from organizing in this humid environment. The following bed is the understory. The trees that live in this bed are around 60 pess tall. The understory is usually place to the short pantss of trees, bushs, little trees and other workss. The humidness found at this degree is really high due to small air motion. Because the upper canopy creates a batch of shadiness to the beds below, this degree receives really small sunshine and is invariably in the shadiness. Due to this, it is hard for big flora to turn here. The forest floor is usually wholly shaded. On the floor, few shrubs or workss grow here because of the deficiency of sunshine. Studies show that approximately less than 1 % of the sunshine that hits the upper canopy reaches the forest floor. Small flora grows here because the top bed of dirt is really thin and hapless in foods. Debris falls from the upper canopies onto the floor that serves as foods for decomposers such as worms, Fungis and other decomposers. At the forest floor, the humidness is really high due to even less air motion but it besides helps to interrupt down dust on the forest floor. The tree’s shallow roots besides absorb the organic affair from the dust. The air beneath the lower canopy is really humid due to miss of air motion and the upper canopy barricading the sun’s rays. The trees give off H2O through pores in their bole through a procedure of transpiration which accounts for about half of the forests’ precipitation. Due to the forests’ high precipitation rate, workss have adapted foliages that shed H2O reasonably rapidly so they are non weighed down by the H2O and interruption. Besides, in order to absorb every bit much sunshine as possible, the foliages are wide and really big in the understory. Some trees are even found to hold chaffs that turn with the motion of the Sun in order to absorb every bit much sunshine as possible. In contrast with the lower degrees of the forest, in the upper canopies, where the foliages are exposed to much of the sunshine, they have adapted to be little and dark in order to cut down H2O loss. Dominant species do non be in tropical rain forests. This biodiversity and separation of the species enables them to be less vulnerable to mass taint and prevent die-off from disease or insect infestation. Animals depend on the turning seasons of the blooming and fruiting of rain forest workss in order to provide them with a year-around beginning of nutrient. Forest and Human Development Index 1. The Human Development Index measured a country’s development by uniting indexs of life anticipation, educational attainment and income into a composite homo development index. The Human Development Index created a frame for both societal and economic development. The HDI sets a lower limit and a maximal for each dimension, called goalposts, and so shows where each state stands in relation to these goalposts, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. A high HDI addition human ability to accommodate to alter and increase human resilience. High HDI states are by and large exceeding on instruction, wealth and their economic system. They normally exist within medium climates instead than extreme climes because they are excessively difficult to populate in. Norway was voted # 1 in HDI, or the best topographic point to populate. 37 % of its woods cover entire land country. Hong Kong was voted # 21 in HDI with a 17 % wood screen. The United States was voted # 12 in HDI and had 28 % woo d screen. The wood to set down distribution within the United States is equal to its distribution globally whereas land used for nutrient production is more than two times higher than what it is globaly. By and large, states with a high HDI have nice per centum in wood covering their entire land country yet high HDI have lower forest screen than average HDIs. Some myths include that high populations correlate to unsustainable picks made by its population yet it is non population denseness that determines this, but picks. A sustainability myth such as high population densenesss equates to unsustainable picks states that states with high populations are more likely overexploit their resources. This is non needfully true because the myth fails to admit that it is instead the picks a society makes on how it consumes its resources. States with high development rankings have differing population densenesss that don’t correlate to their sustainability patterns. Netherlands has one o f the highest population densenesss with 393 n/km2while Sweden merely has 20 n/km2. Yet both are ranked high in development. Surveies show that less labour in agribusiness or forestry or the more labour in service industries produces a higher HDI rank. In order to expose traditional ways of judging how good a state is making, the Human Development Index efforts to make a simple composite step of human development in order to convert the populace, faculty members, and policy-makers that they can and should measure development non merely by economic progresss but besides betterments in human wellbeing. Other histories that were believed to be taken into consideration when finding a country’s wellbeing is by analysing the other capablenesss cardinal to a fulfilling life that include the ability to take part in the determinations that affect one’s life, to hold control over one’s life environment, to bask freedom from force, to hold other’s regard, and to loosen up and merely hold merriment. Health, instruction and income are the chief three make up one's minding factors to a country’s HDI because they are universally valued around the universe and mensurable indexs. Health proves to be one of the most of import indexs people possess to be alive. Peoples are concerned with holding to avoid premature decease by disease or hurt and to populate in a healthy environment, to keep a healthy life style, and to achieve the highest possible criterion of physical and mental wellness. Education is indispensable in order to make single freedom, self-government, and autonomy. Income is indispensable to run intoing basic demands like nutrient and shelter. Importantly, income straight or indirectly ties the other cardinal factors together such as a nice instruction ; safe, clean life ; and individualisation. Plants Cited Michael G. â€Å"Tropical Rainforest.† 2001. Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.blueplanetbiomes.org/rainforest.htm â€Å"The Tundra Biome† . Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Reports: â€Å"Human Development Index.† Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi Measure of America: â€Å"Human Development.† 2014. Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.measureofamerica.org/human-development/

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